Oil companies violate Nigerian laws, flare gas, face no sanctions (1)

For many years, the orange glow from gasoline flares has lit up the skies of Umuechem in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State lengthy after sundown.

For 65-year-old Rose Ordu, the flames are greater than a everlasting characteristic of the panorama; they’ve turn into a part of her day by day battle.

Standing on her cassava and vegetable farm in April, Ms Ordu pointed to crops she stated no longer develop as they as soon as did. Her farmland, positioned a couple of hundred metres from an oil facility operated by Heirs Energies beneath Oil Mining Lease (OML) 17, has supported her household for years. She says harvests have steadily declined.

“When I plant vegetables, they don’t grow well because of the heat from the flare. They wither quickly. Even when I apply fertiliser, they are still unhealthy.”

 

She questioned why the gasoline continues to burn whereas the group stays with out electrical energy for over three years. “They should convert it to electricity instead of wasting it,” she stated.

A PREMIUM TIMES evaluation of Google Earth imagery confirmed the closest residential constructing to be 328 metres from the flare facility.

Ms Ordu’s expertise mirrors complaints heard in lots of oil-producing communities, the place residents say gasoline flaring has turn into a everlasting characteristic of life regardless of repeated authorities guarantees to finish the apply.

The regulation that promised reform

Gas flaring has lengthy symbolised the environmental value of oil manufacturing in Nigeria. Besides losing priceless pure gasoline, the apply releases carbon dioxide, methane and different pollution that contribute to local weather change.

The Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), signed into regulation in August 2021, was anticipated to mark a turning level.

Section 108 of the Act required companies producing pure gasoline inside 12 months of the regulation’s efficient date to submit Flare Elimination and Monetisation Plans (FEMP), outlining how they’d finish flaring and commercialise gasoline.

In 2023, the regulator, the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC), strengthened these obligations by means of the Gas Flaring, Venting and Methane Emissions (Prevention of Waste and Pollution) Regulations.

The rules require operators to organize methane emissions inventories, preserve day by day information of gasoline flaring and venting, implement Leak Detection and Repair programmes, report fugitive methane emissions and signal binding Milestone Development Agreements with the regulator.

Taken collectively, the Act and the rules created what seemed to be one of many continent’s most formidable authorized frameworks for lowering gasoline flaring and methane emissions.

However, a PREMIUM TIMES investigation discovered that whereas the authorized framework imposes detailed compliance obligations on oil and gasoline producers, the enforcement stays weak.

Gas flaring and methane emissions proceed in lots of oil-producing communities with little proof that the promised reforms have translated into significant environmental safety.

What PREMIUM TIMES discovered

Over three months, PREMIUM TIMES visited oil-producing communities in Rivers and Akwa Ibom states the place residents reside near amenities operated by Heirs Energies, Aradel Holdings, Sterling Oil Exploration and Energy Production Company (SEEPCO) and Frontier Oil.

This newspaper analysed gas-flaring knowledge revealed by the NUPRC, Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI), and National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). It additionally reviewed the PIA and its implementing rules, examined sustainability experiences and methane disclosures, and despatched detailed media enquiries to the companies and the regulator.

The investigation discovered that Nigeria’s authorized framework for ending routine gasoline flaring has, to a larger extent, remained unenforced.

Although operators are legally required to remove flaring and implement methane-reduction measures, flare volumes rose at a number of oil belongings after the rules took impact.

Some companies did not disclose key environmental information requested by PREMIUM TIMES, together with their FEMP, methane inventories and implementation milestones. One operator admitted it had not complied with two main regulatory necessities, but confronted no identified sanction.

For many host communities, the promise of reform exists solely on paper.

Communities nonetheless ready

About 25 kilometres from Umuechem, one other flare stack burns day and evening in Mbodo, Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers, the place Heirs Energies additionally operates inside OML 17.

Residents say extended publicity has turn into a part of day by day life. “The impact is obvious on our roofing sheets,” stated Emechukwu Handsome, secretary of the Mbodo Group Host Communities Development Trust. “Because of our closeness to the flare site, our roofs deteriorate faster.”

He additionally recalled a medical outreach organised by Heirs Energies that produced an surprising end result.

“We set aside one day for eye examinations because we thought only a few people would come. The turnout was more than three times what we expected, and many people could not be attended to,” he stated.

At the group’s main well being centre, well being staff instructed PREMIUM TIMES that itchy eyes, chest ache, pores and skin rashes and malaria are among the many recurring complaints they obtain. They didn’t straight attribute the sicknesses to gasoline flaring.

Yet, a rising physique of scientific proof lends weight to the considerations repeatedly raised by host communities.

A study revealed by the National Library of Medicine recognized eye irritation and chest ache among the many most ceaselessly reported well being situations in communities uncovered to gasoline flaring within the Niger Delta. Another study revealed within the West African Journal of Medicine discovered considerably increased charges of chest ache, respiratory difficulties, pores and skin irritation and eye irritation amongst individuals dwelling near flare websites than these residing farther away.

While the research don’t conclude that each sickness reported by residents is brought on solely by gasoline flaring, they strengthen scientific concern that extended publicity to emissions from flare websites poses substantial public well being dangers, significantly the place communities are positioned near lively flare stacks.

Climate pledges, rising emissions

Heirs Energies says on its website that it’s lowering greenhouse gasoline emissions by means of gasoline commercialisation, off-gas utilisation and the gradual elimination of routine gasoline flaring in step with Nigeria’s local weather aims.

Government knowledge reviewed by PREMIUM TIMES tells a unique story.

An evaluation of NEITI’s 2022 Oil and Gas Industry Report and the NUPRC’s 2023 and 2024 Annual Financial and Operational Performance Reports exhibits that gasoline flaring from OML 17 elevated in every of the 2 years following 2022.

The sharpest enhance occurred in 2024, when flare volumes rose by 140.3 per cent in contrast with 2023, regardless of the regulatory requirement for operators to implement flare-elimination measures.

The firm’s place amongst Nigeria’s highest flaring operators additionally worsened. In 2023, Heirs Energies ranked sixteenth out of 45 reporting companies. By 2024, it ranked ninth amongst 46 operators.

 

Methane emissions current an equally troubling image.

According to NEITI’s newest revealed methane inventory, overlaying 2023, Heirs Energies reported 217.36 million kilogrammes of methane emissions, the second-highest quantity recorded by any reporting operator within the nation. Only Mobil Producing Nigeria, which operates 4 producing oil mining leases, reported a better determine. Heirs Energies operates a single producing asset.

On 22 June, PREMIUM TIMES despatched an in depth media enquiry to the corporate’s Assistant Vice President for External and Government Relations, Chidimma Ugbojiaku, requesting its flare knowledge, methane stock, Flare Elimination and Monetisation Plan, Milestone Development Agreement with the NUPRC and particulars of its environmental compliance between 2021 and May 2026.

After receiving no response, this newspaper despatched a reminder on 26 July. Four days later, Ms Ugbojiaku acknowledged the enquiry and stated the corporate would reply. As of the time of submitting this report, no response had been acquired.

Law with clear obligations

The Gas Flaring, Venting and Methane Emissions (Prevention of Waste and Pollution) Regulations, 2023 impose a few of Nigeria’s most stringent environmental obligations on oil and gasoline producers.

Every producer of pure gasoline is required to submit FEMP to the NUPRC, detailing how gasoline flaring can be phased out, related gasoline commercialised and greenhouse gasoline emissions decreased.

The rules additionally require operators to execute a Milestone Development Agreement with the Commission, preserve day by day information of gasoline flared and vented, submit month-to-month experiences inside 21 days after the top of every month, set up methane-monitoring techniques and implement Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programmes to detect and repair methane leaks.

The goal was to maneuver Nigeria past amassing flare penalties to forcing operators to finish routine gasoline flaring.

But authorities knowledge analysed by PREMIUM TIMES exhibits that the regulatory ambition has not translated into measurable reductions at a number of producing belongings. In many host communities, flare stacks proceed to burn whereas operators publicly promote their environmental credentials.

Invisible menace

Unlike the flames that dominate the horizon, methane can’t be seen by the bare eye. It usually escapes by means of leaking valves, ageing pipelines, defective compressors, and inefficient gasoline flaring and venting, which is the discharge of gasoline into the environment with out burning. Although flaring converts a lot of the gasoline into carbon dioxide, incomplete combustion permits methane to flee into the environment.

Ndifreke Ekpo, a lecturer in environmental toxicology on the University of Uyo, instructed PREMIUM TIMES that methane emissions pose a severe problem on account of their efficiency.

“It is a very powerful greenhouse gas and also contributes to atmospheric chemical reactions that open holes in the ozone layer,” he stated.

Although emissions might originate from particular person oil-producing communities, Mr Ekpo stated their affect extends far past native boundaries.

“The atmosphere is constantly moving. Greenhouse gases released in one location eventually become part of the global atmosphere.”

Scientists estimate that over 20 years, methane traps greater than 80 instances as a lot warmth as carbon dioxide, making it probably the most important drivers of near-term international warming.

Aradel: Sustainability claims meet questions on the bottom

Hours from Port Harcourt, two flare stacks burn constantly over Ogbele group in Ahoada East Local Government Area of Rivers State, the place Aradel Holdings operates Oil Mining Lease (OML) 54. Here, Aradel produces oil and gasoline and runs a refinery.

According to Aradel’s 2025 annual report, the “Ogbele field asset has sustained over 20 years of continuous production and remains the cornerstone of the company’s production base.”

The report states that the refinery inside the asset has grown right into a three-train facility with a capability of 11,000 barrels of oil per day.

Residents who spoke to PREMIUM TIMES stated the flares are chargeable for persistent warmth, pores and skin irritation and respiratory difficulties they expertise.

Government information present Aradel will not be amongst Nigeria’s largest gas-flaring operators. However, an evaluation of NUPRC annual experiences signifies that the amount of gasoline flared from OML 54 elevated in every of the years following the introduction of the Gas Flaring, Venting and Methane Emissions (Prevention of Waste and Pollution) Regulations, 2023.

The firm’s methane disclosures elevate concern.

NEITI’s oil and gasoline experiences reviewed by PREMIUM TIMES present Aradel reported precisely 133.52 million kilogrammes of methane emissions in each 2022 and 2023, an an identical determine in successive years.

The newspaper requested a proof for the an identical methane values; copies of the corporate’s FEMP; proof of regulatory approval; its Milestone Development Agreement with the NUPRC; particulars of methane-reduction initiatives; Leak Detection and Repair programmes; environmental monitoring experiences; and month-to-month gas-flaring logs submitted to the regulator since January 2024.

Aradel had but to supply a written response to the PREMIUM TIMES request as of the time of submitting this report.

On 7 August, Aradel initiated a digital assembly with a PREMIUM TIMES reporter. The assembly included the corporate’s Media and Public Relations Lead, Victoria Humphrey, the corporate’s Communication Strategist, Edafe Onoriode, and the General Manager, Sub-Saharan Opportunities, Tunde Odeyemi.

Mr Odeyemi stated the corporate doesn’t have a FEMP as a result of the corporate had ended routine flaring since 2012. When PREMIUM TIMES insisted that it had seen gasoline burning day and evening from the corporate’s two flare stacks inside its Ogbele discipline, Mr Odeyemi stated it was solely a “technical flare that happens anywhere in the world”.

When PREMIUM TIMES referenced Aradel’s 2025 annual report, the place it dedicated to eliminating routine flaring by 2026/2027, and requested the part of the Prevention of Waste and Pollution regulation that exempted some companies from submitting FEMP, the corporate ended the assembly with a promise to furnish PREMIUM TIMES with an in depth response to the enquiry in writing earlier than the top of the day.

However, regardless of a number of reminders, Aradel has but to reply to the enquiry.

The absence of a substantive response contrasts with Aradel’s public sustainability commitments.

In its 2024 Sustainability Report, the corporate stated it had maintained management in eliminating routine gasoline flaring at Ogbele since 2012. It additionally said that it was “poised to achieve a significant milestone by eliminating routine gas flaring at our refinery by the fourth quarter of 2025.”

However, when PREMIUM TIMES visited Ogbele in July, gasoline was nonetheless being burnt from the corporate’s two lively flare stacks.

Aradel’s newest annual report seems to replicate a revised timeline. Rather than reporting the elimination of routine flaring, the corporate says it’s investing in gasoline commercialisation initiatives anticipated to remove routine flaring throughout all its manufacturing hubs between 2026 and 2027.

Sterling Oil: Climate commitments within the mixture of unanswered questions

About 15 kilometres from Ogbele, one other gasoline flare burns constantly in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers.

Residents of the close by Egbolom group instructed PREMIUM TIMES the warmth turns into extra intense after sundown.

“The nights are the worst,” one resident stated. “You struggle to sleep because of the heat.” Others complained of recurring pores and skin irritation and discomfort, particularly in the course of the dry season.

The facility inflicting the flare is operated by Sterling Oil, considered one of Nigeria’s largest upstream oil producers.

Assessing the corporate’s flaring efficiency, nonetheless, proved troublesome.

Unlike some operators, publicly accessible authorities experiences don’t disaggregate Sterling Oil’s gas-flaring volumes by particular person asset, limiting impartial checks.

To tackle that hole, PREMIUM TIMES analysed knowledge from the NOSDRA Gas Flare Tracker, which makes use of satellite tv for pc observations to detect lively flare websites by means of radiant warmth signatures.

Although the platform doesn’t estimate flare volumes with the precision of manufacturing information, it supplies an impartial indicator of flare exercise over time.

The evaluation discovered no proof that flaring declined after 2024, the interval throughout which operators had been anticipated to start implementing authorised FEMP.

An analogous pattern emerged about 200 kilometres away in Eastern Obolo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, the place Sterling Oil operates the Utapate discipline.

Commercial manufacturing on the discipline started in 2024, but satellite tv for pc knowledge reviewed by PREMIUM TIMES signifies that flare exercise elevated sharply.

Gas flared within the space rose from 4.9 million normal cubic toes (MSCF) in 2024 to eight million MSCF in 2025. By the top of May 2026, 7.2 million MSCF had already been flared, suggesting the annual determine may surpass the earlier yr’s complete if the pattern continued.

The enhance occurred regardless of rules requiring operators to progressively remove routine gasoline flaring.

Corporate pledges, restricted transparency, and a disturbing environmental document

PREMIUM TIMES sought Sterling Oil’s response to those findings.

On 21 June, the newspaper despatched to the corporate a media enquiry requesting its greenhouse gasoline emissions knowledge, methane inventories, Flare Elimination and Monetisation Plan, proof of regulatory approval, Milestone Development Agreement and knowledge on measures taken to cut back emissions and monitor environmental impacts in host communities.

After receiving no response, PREMIUM TIMES despatched a reminder on 26 July and made repeated makes an attempt to acquire feedback by means of the corporate’s media consultant in Akwa Ibom, Aniekeme Finbarr.

No response has been acquired as of the time of this report. The silence contrasts with the corporate’s public sustainability commitments.

READ ALSO: INVESTIGATION: Gas flares, poisoned lives, regulatory failures in Nigeria’s oil fields

On its web site, Sterling Oil says it’s dedicated to minimising the environmental affect of its operations by means of accountable vitality use, emissions discount, and larger reliance on low-carbon vitality sources.

However, with out entry to the corporate’s emissions knowledge and regulatory compliance information, these commitments can’t be independently assessed.

The lack of transparency is especially important given Sterling Oil’s current environmental document.

In June 2025, considered one of its host communities filed a lawsuit in opposition to the corporate over alleged environmental degradation from vented gasoline emissions and different air pollution.

Earlier in April that yr, PREMIUM TIMES reported that the Akwa Ibom State Government issued an ultimatum to the corporate over alleged illegal land encroachment and blockage of waterways.

Earlier this yr, PREMIUM TIMES reported that residents dwelling close to one of many firm’s flare websites complained of intense warmth and air pollution, with some households abandoning their properties. Media experiences additionally documented considerations by civil society organisations about extended oil spills in host communities.

Questions have additionally been raised concerning the firm’s implementation of the PIA.

PREMIUM TIMES reported that though the regulation required operators to ascertain practical Host Community Development Trusts inside a yr of the Act coming into drive in 2021, Sterling Oil solely unveiled a complete wants evaluation for its Akwa Ibom host communities in June 2026.

To environmental advocates, the delayed evaluation and the corporate’s restricted public disclosure on environmental compliance reinforce considerations about transparency and regulatory accountability.

Among the 4 companies investigated, solely Frontier Oil, operated by Savannah Energy, offered a substantive response.

‘Silence fuels climate denial’

Environmental advocates say the refusal of Heirs Energies, Aradel and Sterling Oil to reveal data on methane emissions and compliance with anti-gas flaring rules undermines public accountability.

The coordinator of the Peace Point Development Foundation, Umo Isuaikoh, stated the companies’ silence was inconsistent with the transparency anticipated of corporations working in communities affected by oil air pollution.

“Methane emissions and gas flaring are matters of public interest. Companies extracting public resources have a duty to disclose the environmental impact of their operations and what they are doing to reduce it,” he stated.

Mr Isuaikoh stated withholding emissions and compliance information makes it troublesome for communities, regulators and traders to independently assess whether or not operators are assembly their authorized obligations.

According to him, the shortage of disclosure reinforces “a culture of climate denial.”

“Climate denial is not only about rejecting climate science. It also includes withholding information that enables the public to understand pollution and hold polluters accountable.”

Frontier Oil opens its books

Unlike the opposite companies investigated, Frontier Oil Limited offered an in depth response to PREMIUM TIMES’ enquiries.

The response provided a uncommon perception into how one operator manages gasoline flaring and methane emissions. It additionally uncovered gaps in regulatory enforcement.

Frontier Oil operates the Uquo discipline in Akwa Ibom State, the place gasoline is flared in Edo and Uqua Isidoho communities in Esit Eket Local Government Area.

Residents stated the flare has affected farming. Friday Edoho, whose farm is positioned close to the power, stated extreme warmth has decreased cassava yields, worsening the financial hardship his household faces.

Conflicting flare knowledge

Frontier Oil instructed PREMIUM TIMES its gasoline flaring declined steadily between 2021 and 2024, however authorities information current a unique image.

An evaluation of NEITI oil and gasoline experiences, along with NUPRC operational experiences, exhibits that flare volumes fell in 2023 however rose in 2024 by 59.4 per cent in comparison with the earlier yr, when operators had been anticipated to be implementing flare-reduction measures.

The firm’s methane emissions adopted a unique pattern. Reported emissions peaked at 40.95 million kilogrammes in 2022 earlier than declining in subsequent years.

Frontier Oil attributed the spike in flare volumes to unusually excessive related gasoline manufacturing from a brand new oil properly, which exceeded the processing capability of its compressors and resulted in elevated flaring. The firm stated compressor upgrades, decrease manufacturing, and improved upkeep subsequently decreased emissions.

Startling admission

Frontier Oil additionally acknowledged that it did not submit fugitive methane emission experiences required beneath the Gas Flaring, Venting and Methane Emissions Regulations between 2021 and May 2026. According to the corporate, regardless of the non-compliance, the NUPRC neither issued a discover of violation nor imposed any sanction.

The rules required operators to submit a Flare Elimination and Monetisation Plan inside six months of the rules being signed in May 2023.

Frontier Oil stated it submitted its plan in 2025, about two years after the deadline, and that it has but to obtain approval from the NUPRC. As a outcome, the corporate stated it has not executed the necessary Milestone Development Agreement.

It additionally instructed PREMIUM TIMES it acquired no penalty or regulatory directive over the late submission or its failure to file fugitive methane emission experiences.

Bigger accountability query

Across Umuechem, Mbodo, Ogbele, Abua/Odual, Eastern Obolo and Esit Eket, residents described comparable considerations, together with extreme warmth, declining farm yields and suspected well being results linked to gasoline flaring.

Government knowledge reviewed by PREMIUM TIMES additionally exhibits that flare volumes elevated at a number of producing belongings in the course of the interval operators had been anticipated to cut back routine flaring.

Three companies, Heirs Energies, Aradel Holdings and Sterling Oil, failed to supply key environmental information requested by this newspaper. Frontier Oil responded, however its disclosures revealed some obvious regulatory non-compliance that attracted no identified enforcement motion.

Overall, the findings on this story level to a query larger than the conduct of particular person oil companies. If operators can miss statutory deadlines, fail to submit necessary environmental experiences, and proceed to extend gasoline flaring with none identified regulatory penalties, the place has Nigeria’s enforcement system failed?

Part Two of this investigation examines the position of the NUPRC and the federal authorities, uncovering how regulatory delays, weak oversight and poor enforcement have undermined considered one of Nigeria’s most formidable environmental legal guidelines.

This story is supported by the Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development (CJID).